A landscape shaped by fire, water and gravity.
This is a geographic briefing on how Batur's territory intersects with national hazard data — and what 24 years of satellite observations reveal about the landscape around the caldera.
Scroll to read. The map follows the story: each chapter activates the relevant InaRISK layer and geographic view.
Sources: UNESCO IGGP; project geopark boundary; InaRISK/BNPB; Google Earth Engine analysis.
The map is not a warning. It is a spatial index.
The InaRISK rasters describe relative hazard vulnerability on a 0–1 scale inside the geopark boundary. They are not forecasts and do not replace PVMBG, BMKG or BPBD warnings.
Use the layer rail to move between the relevant Batur hazards. A green-to-red ramp means lower-to-higher index values; transparent areas are missing or nodata pixels.
Dataset: InaRISK hazard-index GeoTIFFs supplied with this project. Values are normalized to 0–1 by the source pipeline.
Gravity is the dominant signal.
Batur's steep inner and outer caldera walls create a landscape where slope matters. In our polygon-clipped InaRISK analysis, landslide has the highest average index: loading…
The index does not say that a landslide will occur at a particular place or time. It says that, relative to the raster's modeled conditions, parts of this territory have a stronger landslide signal than other parts.
Interpretation: polygon-clipped InaRISK raster; mean and maximum are descriptive statistics, not probabilities.
The volcano is a living part of the geography.
Gunung Batur is an active stratovolcano inside the inner caldera. The InaRISK volcano layer is best read as a spatial context layer — especially proximity to the volcanic centre — not as a live activity status.
Indicative distance rings can help orient readers around the volcano, but they are not official PVMBG hazard zones. The eruption history should be read from the Global Volcanism Program record for volcano number 264010.
Sources: Global Volcanism Program VN 264010; MAGMA Indonesia; InaRISK volcano index.
Seismic risk crosses the geopark boundary.
Batur sits within Bali's wider seismic setting. An earthquake index should therefore be interpreted as regional exposure and vulnerability, not as a prediction of the next earthquake.
Sources: InaRISK earthquake index; BMKG for official earthquake information.
Fire is episodic, not absent.
The long record shows a low overall burned-area total, but not a zero-risk landscape. The largest observed burned-area years in Batur were 2014, 2018 and 2023.
These observations add time to the InaRISK map. The raster describes spatial vulnerability; the MODIS burned-area series shows when detectable burning occurred in the historical record.
Dataset: MODIS/061/MCD64A1, 500 m, annual burned area; method: monthly BurnDate > 0, summed pixel area.
The geology is also the hazard source.
Batur is a double caldera: the Catur caldera (outer, ~13.8 × 10 km) collapsed about 29,300 years BP, and the Batur caldera (inner, ~7.5 km) formed inside it about 20,150 years BP. The same structures that make the geopark globally significant concentrate its hazards — steep caldera walls shed landslides, the three Batur cones erupt, and the lowest caldera floor and lake collect water.
Each of the geopark's 21 geosites can be read through the hazard that acts on it. Point locations are the official geosite list; the right-hand column samples the national InaRISK index at each point.
| Geosite | Type | Hazard (geology) | InaRISK at point |
|---|
“Hazard” is a qualitative screening from each geosite type and the source book. “InaRISK at point” is the nearest-pixel value (0–1) of each national raster sampled at the geosite, showing the top two layers. Flood, flash-flood, liquefaction and tsunami rasters have no (or negligible) valid pixels inside the Batur polygon, so they are absent here.
Volcanic features & evidence
Source: Book Geoheritage — Batur UNESCO Global Geopark (Badan Pengelola Pariwisata Batur UNESCO Global Geopark). Layer names follow the InaRISK rasters shipped with this project. Inland caldera at 1,031 m asl — the tsunami index is ~0.
The landscape is stable, with climate-shaped variation.
NDVI provides a broad vegetation signal, LST measures daytime land-surface temperature, and burned area records detected fire scars. These are area averages — not measurements at a particular farm, trail or village.
Vegetation signal · NDVI
Surface temperature · LST
The NDVI series moves from 0.777 in 2001 to 0.787 in 2024, while LST moves from 25.2°C to 24.3°C. The interpretation is not “no change”; it is long-term stability with year-to-year variation.
NDVI: MODIS/061/MOD13Q1, 250 m, SummaryQA ≤ 1, ESA WorldCover water excluded. LST: MODIS/061/MOD11A2, 1 km, QC_Day bitwiseAnd(3) ≤ 1.
Evidence has a boundary.
Every layer here has a spatial extent, resolution, date range and uncertainty. The page is designed to make those boundaries visible rather than hide them behind a single risk score.
- InaRISK indices are relative vulnerability indices inside the Batur polygon, not event probabilities.
- NDVI and LST are annual area summaries, not point observations.
- Burned-area products can miss small fires and do not describe fire intensity.
- LST is daytime surface temperature, not air temperature.
- Historical satellite evidence cannot replace current official warnings.
Twenty-one geosites, one by one.
Scroll through the geopark's official geosites. The map flies to each point in turn; every stop carries its description and the hazards that act on it.
Points and names: official Geosite Geopark Batur list. Description: Book Geoheritage — Batur UNESCO Global Geopark. InaRISK values: nearest-pixel sample per geosite (scripts/geosite_hazards.py). Layers without coverage inside the polygon are reported as such.